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Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR
The Initiative or Action Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR ((ロシア語:Инициати́вная гру́ппа по защи́те прав челове́ка в СССР)) was the first civic organization of the Soviet human rights movement. Founded in 1969 by 15 dissidents, the unsanctioned group functioned for over six years as a public platform of Soviet dissidents concerned with violations of human rights in the Soviet Union.〔 Unusually for the dissident movement at the time, the organization attempted to appeal to the international community, writing to the UN Commission on Human Rights on behalf of the victims of political repression in the Soviet Union. While all of the founding members of the group were eventually imprisoned or exiled, it served as a precursor to dissident civic organizations such as Andrei Sakharov's Committee on Human Rights in the USSR and the Moscow Helsinki Group.
== Founding ==
The formation of the group grew out of several discussions among dissidents in the wake of the January 1968 trial of samizdat authors Yuri Galanskov and Alexander Ginzburg. In April of 1969, former general and dissident Pyotr Grigorenko met with fellow dissidents at his apartment and proposed creating a formal "Committee in Defense of Ivan Yakhimovich", a Latvian collective-farm chairman who had written a letter protesting the trial of Galanskov and Ginzburg, and signed a letter in protest of the 1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia.〔 The proposal elicited mixed reactions: Some dissidents advocated for a broader human rights group, while others doubted the effectiveness of such a group over informal expressions of protest, and warned of the significantly harsher crackdown any formally organized activity would provoke under Anti-Soviet Agitation laws. The disputes came to a close in May, when a report by KGB chairman Yuri Andropov lead to the arrest of Grigorenko. This was followed by the arrest of poet Ilya Gabai, another luminary of the dissident movement.
On 19 May 1969, the day of Gabai's arrest, Pyotr Yakir and Victor Krasin decided to push ahead with the formation of a human rights group, modeled after the example of Initiative Groups created by Crimean Tatar activists. That evening, a group of dissidents assembled at Yakir's apartment and agreed to join the proposed group.〔 As a first action, a petition was compiled focusing on recent political repression and other violations of human rights in the Soviet Union. It enumerated several political trials of the late 1960s, in which defendants were prosecuted merely for exercising the right to impart information, and was addressed to the United Nations. Krasin drafted an appeal, exhorting the UN to investigate human rights abuses in the Soviet Union:We appeal to the United Nations because our protests and complaints, addressed for a number of years to the higher state and judicial offices in the Soviet Union, have received no response of any kind. The hope that our voice might be heard, that the authorities would cease the lawless acts which we constantly pointed out—this hope has been exhausted. Therefore we appeal to the United Nations, believing that the defense of human rights is the sacred duty of this organization.〔(''A Chronicle of Current Events'' No 8, 30 June 1969 — 8.10 "An Appeal to the UN Commission on Human Rights". )〕 The document was signed ''The Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR''. This designation was followed by the names of fifteen dissidents: The Muscovites Tatyana Velikanova, Natalya Gorbanevskaya, Tatyana Khodorovich, Sergei Kovalev, Victor Krasin, Aleksandr Lavut, Anatoly Levitin-Krasnov, Yury Maltsev, Grigory Podyapolski, Pyotr Yakir and Anatoly Yakobson, Vladimir Borisov from Leningrad, Ukrainians Genrikh Altunyan and Leonid Plyushch, and the Crimean Tatar activist Mustafa Dzhemilev. These names were supplemented by a list of "supporters".
On 20 May 1969, Yakir and Krasin without consulting the other members passed on the text to foreign correspondents and a United Nations representative. Initially planning to discuss the petition and further actions, all fifteen individuals had effectively become members of a new public organization.〔 Although some were surprised to find themselves part of such an organization, the members agreed to continue with appeals under that name, on the conditions that no member's name would be used as co-signatory without expressed consent.〔
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